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Identification of Spoon as a suppressor of SCA8 associated neurodegeneration provides us a hint about its role in neuronal development and maintenance. However, a detailed molecular characterization of spoon has not yet been reported. Here, we describe spatial expression pattern of Spoon during Drosophila development. Quantitative real time‐PCR and fluorescent RNA–RNA in situ hybridization indicate...
Basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factors have attracted the attention of developmental and evolutionary biologists for decades because of their conserved functions in mesodermal and neural tissue formation in both vertebrates and fruit flies. Their evolutionary history is of special interest because it will likely provide insights into developmental processes and refinement of metazoan‐specific...
Conditional gene knockout using the Cre/loxP system is instrumental in advancing our understanding of the function of genes in a wide range of disciplines. It is becoming increasingly apparent in the literature that recombination mediated by some Cre transgenes can occur in unexpected tissues. Dermo1‐Cre (Twist2‐Cre) has been widely used to target skeletal lineage cells as well as other mesoderm‐derived...
The Myh11‐CreERT2 mouse line (Cre+) has gained increasing application because of its high lineage specificity relative to other Cre drivers targeting smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This Cre allele, however, was initially inserted into the Y chromosome (X/YCre+), which excluded its application in female mice. Our group established a Cre+ colony from male ancestors. Surprisingly, genotype screening identified...
Aggrecan (Acan), a large proteoglycan is abundantly expressed in cartilage tissue. Disruption of Acan gene causes dwarfism and perinatal lethality of homozygous mice. Because of sustained expression of Acan in the growth plate and articular cartilage, AgcCre model has been developed for the regulated ablation of target gene in chondrocytes. In this model, the IRES‐CreERT‐Neo‐pgk transgene is knocked‐in...
Perivascular astrocyte end feet closely juxtapose cerebral blood vessels to regulate important developmental and physiological processes including endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting as well as the formation of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). The mechanisms underlying these events remain largely unknown due to a lack of experimental models for identifying perivascular astrocytes and distinguishing...
The canonical Wnt signalling pathway has been implicated in organogenesis and self‐renewal of essentially all stem cell systems. In vivo reporter systems are crucial to assess the role of Wnt signalling in the biology and pathology of stem cell systems. We set out to develop a Turquoise (TQ) fluorescent protein based Wnt reporter. We used a CRISPR‐Cas9 approach to insert a TQ fluorescent protein encoding...
Recombinase responsive mouse lines expressing diphtheria toxin subunit A (DTA) are well established tools for targeted ablation of genetically defined cell populations. Here we describe a new knock‐in allele at the Gt(Rosa)26Sor locus that retains the best features of previously described DTA alleles—including a CAG promoter, attenuated mutant DTA cDNA, and ubiquitous EGFP labeling—with the addition...
The d4 family of transcription factors consists of three members in mammals. DPF1/neuro‐d4 is expressed mainly in neurons and the peripheral nervous system, and is important for brain development. DPF2/requiem/ubi‐d4 is expressed ubiquitously and presumably functions as an apoptotic factor, especially during the deprivation of trophic factors. DPF3/cer‐d4 is expressed in neurons and in the heart,...
WTX/AMER1 is an important developmental regulator, mutations in which have been identified in a proportion of patients suffering from the renal neoplasm Wilms' tumor and in the bone malformation syndrome Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis (OSCS). Its cellular functions appear complex and the protein can be found at the membrane, within the cytoplasm and the nucleus. To understand its developmental...
The DNA puff BhC4‐1 gene of Bradysia hygida (Diptera, Sciaridae) is amplified and expressed in the salivary glands at the end of the last larval instar. Even though there are no BhC4‐1 orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster, the mechanisms that regulate BhC4‐1 gene expression in B. hygida are for the most part conserved in D. melanogaster. The BhC4‐1 promoter contains a 129bp (‐186/‐58) cis‐regulatory...
Cilia play a major role in the regulation of numerous signaling pathways and are essential for embryonic development. Mutations in genes affecting ciliary function can cause a variety of diseases in humans summarized as ciliopathies. To facilitate the detection and visualization of cilia in a temporal and spatial manner in mouse tissues, we generated a Cre‐inducible cilium‐specific reporter mouse...
The Hippo‐ yes‐associated protein (YAP) pathway is essential for controlling organ size and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the primary outcome of YAP signaling in the nucleus is achieved by interaction with the transcription factor TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD1). The YAP/TEAD1 complex binds to DNA element and regulates the expression of genes involved in cell growth...
The transcription factors Pax3 and Zic1 are critical to specify the neural plate border and to promote neural crest formation. In a microarray screen designed to identify genes regulated by Pax3 and Zic1 in Xenopus we isolated Znf703/Nlz1 a transcriptional repressor member of the NET (NocA/Nlz, Elbow, and TLP‐1) protein family. At early neurula stage znf703 is expressed in the dorsal ectoderm, spanning...
The viral 2A peptides have recently been used for bicistronic expression in various organisms. In this system, a single mRNA that codes for two proteins flanking the 2A peptide can be translated simultaneously into each protein by ribosomal skipping at this peptide sequence. Here, we tested the function of the Thosea asigna insect virus 2A (T2A) peptide in the branchiopod crustacean Daphnia magna—an...
Two estrogen receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, are responsible for the classical actions of estrogens in mammalian species. They display different spatiotemporal expression patterns and nonoverlapping functions in various tissues and physiological conditions. In this study, a novel knock‐in mouse line that expresses codon‐improved Cre recombinase (iCre) under regulation of the natural Esr1 promoter (Esr1–iCre)...
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