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Aim
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a pervasive neurodegenerative disease, and levodopa (L‐dopa) is its preferred treatment. The pathophysiological mechanism of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID), the most common complication of long‐term L‐dopa administration, remains obscure. Accumulated evidence suggests that the dopaminergic as well as non‐dopaminergic systems contribute to LID development. As a 5...