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BACKGROUND:Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. CRC incidence and mortality rates are higher among blacks than among whites, and screening rates are lower in blacks than in whites. For the current study, the authors tested 3 interventions that were intended to increase the rate of CRC screening among African Americans.
METHODS:The following interventions...
BACKGROUND:To assess trends in cancer, the authors evaluated the risk of 1 generation compared with that 25 years earlier (generational risk) for 3 groupings of cancers: those related to tobacco; those that reflect advances in screening or treatment; and a residual category of all other cancers.
METHODS:In individuals ages 20 years to 84 years, age‐period‐cohort models were used to summarize time...
BACKGROUND:Strategies of active surveillance (AS) of low‐risk screen‐detected prostate cancer have emerged, because the balance between survival outcomes and quality of life issues when radically treating these malignancies is disputable. Delay before radical treatment caused by active surveillance may be associated with an impaired chance of curability.
METHODS:Men diagnosed with low‐risk (T1c/T2;...
BACKGROUND:Risk models to predict prostate cancer on biopsy, whether they include only prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) or other markers, are intended for use in all men of screening age. However, the association between PSA and cancer probably depends on a man's recent screening history.
METHODS:The authors examined the effect of prior screening on the ability to predict the risk of prostate cancer...
BACKGROUND:Limited capacity for endoscopy in areas in which African Americans and Hispanics live may be a reason for persistent disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and stage at diagnosis.
METHODS:The authors linked data from the National Health Interview Survey on the use of CRC screening and data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare on CRC stage with measures of...
BACKGROUND:Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men in the United States, with even higher prevalence and death rates among black men. The authors sought to compare trends in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), age, and prostate‐cancer detection among black and white men in our region during a 16‐year period.
METHODS:This was a retrospective study of patient archives between...
BACKGROUND:The benefits of prostate cancer screening on an individual level remain unevaluated.
METHODS:Between 1993 and 1999, a total of 43,987 men, aged 55‐74 years, were included in the intervention arm of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) section in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland. A total of 42,503 men, aged 55‐74 years, were included in a clinical population...
BACKGROUND:To evaluate the benefits of lung cancer screening, all effects of screening need to be considered. The aim of this study was to determine whether screening had an effect on healthcare use, specifically whether use increased for those with a false‐positive or indeterminate screening result.
METHODS:Recruited were 400 individuals participating in a lung cancer screening study at the University...
BACKGROUND:Systematic screening for depression has been recommended for patients who have medical conditions like cancer. The 9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) is becoming widely used, but its diagnostic accuracy has not yet been tested in a cancer patient population. In this article, the authors report on the performance of the PHQ‐9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder...
BACKGROUND:Pathologic and genetic data suggest that epithelial ovarian cancer may consist of indolent and aggressive phenotypes. The objective of the current study was to estimate the impact of a 2‐phenotype paradigm of epithelial ovarian cancer on the mortality reduction achievable using available screening technologies.
METHODS:The authors modified a Markov model of ovarian cancer natural history...
BACKGROUND:The transcription factor TCF21 is involved in mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial differentiation and was shown to be aberrantly hypermethylated in lung and head and neck cancers. Because of its reported high frequency of hypermethylation in lung cancer, further characterization of the stages and types of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that are hypermethylated and the frequency of hypermethylation...
BACKGROUND:The effectiveness of mammography screening for women ages 40 to 49 years still is questioned, and few studies of the effectiveness of service screening for this age group have been conducted.
METHODS:Breast cancer mortality was compared between women who were invited to service screening at ages 40 to 49 years (study group) and women in the same age group who were not invited during 1986...
The major challenge in prostate cancer is to identify patients at higher risk of death and to distinguish them from those more likely to die from other causes. Stratification of patients into risk groups can be used to guide management decisions at each disease stage. This review discusses the measures, tools, and nomograms available for risk assessment in prostate cancer. For patients with localized...
BACKGROUND:Primary care physicians (PCPs) play a key role in breast cancer screening, yet no current data exist regarding PCP practices.
METHODS:The authors analyzed a nationally representative survey of PCPs that was fielded during September 2006 to May 2007 to investigate PCP breast cancer screening beliefs, recommendations, and practices.
RESULTS:Most of the 1212 PCPs who participated in the...
BACKGROUND:Knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception in relation to second primary cancer (SPC) screening and their impact on screening practices in cancer survivors are largely unknown.
METHODS:A total of 326 cancer survivors who had completed primary treatment for cancer >1 year previously were recruited from 6 oncology care outpatient clinics in the Republic of Korea. Survivors' knowledge,...
BACKGROUND:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to supplement screening mammography and clinical breast examination (CBE) in women who are at high risk of developing breast cancer. In this study, the authors investigated the efficacy of alternating screening mammography and breast MRI every 6 months in women who had a genetically high risk of developing breast cancer.
METHODS:A retrospective...
BACKGROUND:A study was undertaken to identify the diagnostic approaches that primary care physicians and gynecologists undertake in women with symptoms associated with ovarian cancer.
METHODS:A vignette‐based survey was mailed to 3200 primary care physicians from the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. The vignette described a 55‐year‐old woman with symptoms associated with ovarian...
For this article, the authors examined the cost implications of the prospective surveillance model (PSM) for breast cancer (BC) survivors, a comprehensive framework designed to preemptively reduce the incidence and virulence of common impairments. The model clearly has the potential of providing significant benefits. However, its accompanying costs and resource requirements remain unclear and may...
BACKGROUND:There has been recent, sometimes intense, debate about when to begin screening and how often to screen women for breast cancer with mammography. However, there should be no controversy regarding screening women who are unlikely to benefit from the procedure, such as those with a serious, life‐limiting illness who would not live long enough to benefit from the potential detection and treatment...
BACKGROUND:Screening by fecal occult blood test and lower endoscopy has lowered colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality, but compliance gaps persist. Of concern are possible disparities in uptake of CRC screening between white and African American men. The goal of this study was to assess for disparities in uptake of CRC screening among men participating in a high‐risk prostate cancer clinic. If present,...
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