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Background
It is hypothesized that levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are significantly higher in the peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe‐smokers (WS) compared with never‐smokers with peri‐implantitis.
Purpose
The aim of the present convenience sample case‐control study was to compare the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α in the PISF of WS and never‐smokers...
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