In this chapter, the author notes that clearing of forest caused a loss of biodiversity and briefly discussed the need to consider sustainability. The chapter talks about NGO campaigns against the crop, and the establishment of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). It compares the rate of expansion with rates of forest loss, and reviews effects of expansion on biodiversity. Oil palm expansion is blamed for driving the orangutan towards extinction. The chapter discusses the extent to which deforestation can be attributed to oil palm expansion. Expansion has also led to social conflict in some countries. Traditional landownership in cultures surviving by subsistence or shifting agriculture is governed by customary law, often undocumented and relying on the memory of tribal elders. Finally, the chapter discusses the need for future oil palm expansion to meet world food demand.