Alcohol dependence is characterized by habitual drinking despite negative consequences. This chapter presents the theoretical background to and the results of neuroscientific research on cue‐induced craving and relapse into alcohol dependence. A special focus is placed on automatic cognitive biases related to alcohol addiction. Neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can investigate functioning of the human brain in vivo and have been used to study the neurobiological underpinnings of alcohol craving and alcohol‐cue reactivity. There are many factors that can influence the risk of relapse in alcohol‐dependent patients. Factors that are static, for example, are the severity of the dependence, marital status, or psychiatric symptoms. A promising new line of therapy could be the down‐regulation of brain reward‐related areas by means of neurofeedback mechanisms.