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One way that bacteria regulate the transcription of specific genes to adapt to environmental challenges is to use different σ factors that direct the RNA polymerase holoenzyme to distinct promoters. Unlike σ70 RNA polymerase (RNAP), σ54 RNAP is unable to initiate transcription without an activator: enhancer‐binding protein (EBP). All EBPs contain one ATPase domain that belongs to the family of ATPases...
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