Addiction
Background Cannabis use is referenced frequently in American popular music, yet it remains uncertain whether exposure to these references is associated with actual cannabis use. We aimed to determine if exposure to cannabis in popular music is associated independently with current cannabis use in a cohort of urban adolescents.
Methods We surveyed all 9th grade students at three large US urban high...
Background Urinalysis testing in the work‐place has been adopted widely by employers in the United States to deter employee drug use and promote ‘drug‐free’ work‐places. In other countries, such as Canada, testing is focused more narrowly on identifying employees whose drug use puts the safety of others at risk.
Aims We review 20 years of published literature on questions relevant to the objectives...
Objective The objective of this study was to develop diagnostic criteria for internet addiction disorder (IAD) and to evaluate the validity of our proposed diagnostic criteria for discriminating non‐dependent from dependent internet use in the general population.
Methods This study was conducted in three stages: the developmental stage (110 subjects in the survey group; 408 subjects in the training...
Objective The neonatal abstinence scoring system proposed by Finnegan is used widely in neonatal units to initiate and to guide therapy in babies of opiate‐dependent mothers. The purpose of this study was to assess the variability of the scores in newborns and infants not exposed to opiates during the first 3 days of life and during 3 consecutive days in weeks 5 or 6.
Patients and methods Healthy...
Objective To evaluate moderators and mediators of brief alcohol interventions conducted in the emergency department.
Methods Patients (18–24 years; n = 172) in an emergency department received a motivational interview with personalized feedback (MI) or feedback only (FO), with 1‐ and 3‐month booster sessions and 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups. Gender, alcohol status/severity group [ALC+ only, Alcohol...
Aims To explore trends in and predictors of second‐hand smoke (SHS) exposure in children. To identify whether inequalities in SHS exposure are changing over time.
Design Repeated cross‐sectional study with data from eight annual surveys conducted over an 11‐year period from 1996 to 2006.
Setting England.
Participants Nationally representative samples of children aged 4–15 years living in private...
Aims Research using nationally representative and community samples demonstrates a robust association between early onset of drinking and increased likelihood of numerous adverse outcomes. However, little is known about the subsequent drinking that occurs early in the drinking career. The present study dissects the transition from any alcohol use to treatment entry by taking a fine‐grained approach...
Aims Although prenatal screening for problem drinking during pregnancy has been recommended, guidance on screening instruments is lacking. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of brief alcohol screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking in pregnant women.
Methods Electronic databases from their inception to June 2008 were searched, as well as reference lists...
Rationale Indices of negative affect, such as depression, have been implicated in stress‐induced pathways to alcohol relapse. Empirically supported continuing care resources, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), emphasize reducing negative affect to reduce relapse risk, but little research has been conducted to examine putative affective mechanisms of AA's effects.
Methods Using lagged, controlled,...
Aims To determine whether symptoms of nicotine dependence, addiction and withdrawal symptoms differ between exclusive smokers, exclusive snus (moist snuff) users and dual users.
Design A cross‐sectional survey of a cohort subsample.
Setting County of Stockholm, Sweden.
Participants Current exclusive smokers (n = 466), exclusive snus users (n = 209) and dual users (n = 144), mean age 17.6 years...
Aims To establish the long‐term efficacy of a universal internet‐based alcohol and cannabis prevention programme in schools.
Methods A cluster‐randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the Climate Schools: Alcohol and Cannabis Course. The evidence‐based course, aimed at reducing alcohol and cannabis use, is facilitated by the internet and consists of 12 novel and curriculum...