Key Points
Medication effects and specific dietary factors, such as acid and foods lowering esophageal sphincter pressure, require special attention in older adults with esophageal and gastric disorders.
The high prevalence of atrophic gastritis in older adults increases the risk for vitamin B12 malabsorption and deficiency.
Evaluation of both diarrhea and constipation requires a thorough history (paying attention to diet, activities, and bowel habits) and a careful physical examination (including a digital rectal exam).
Hepatitis is more common among older adults than originally appreciated and is often secondary to medications or hepatitis C exposure.
Evaluation of anemia in older adults should include assessment of iron stores, copper, zinc, B12, and folate levels.