Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, affecting 3–5% of school-aged children. The condition, which is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness, can have a profound impact on patients and their family. The multimodal treatment of ADHD (MTA) study demonstrated that pharmacotherapy, as the cornerstone of a multimodal treatment approach, is the most effective way of treating ADHD in children. The study concluded that methylphenidate should be given tid and titrated to the dose that delivers maximum therapeutic efficacy and should be offered in the long term for effective treatment of this chronic condition. This program will review the current feeling in Europe around this approach and the challenges of finding the optimal dose of MPH. Newer long acting agents have significantly advanced the pharmacological treatment of ADHD. Although stimulants are the gold standard for the treatment of ADHD, recently a non-stimulant has been approved. The differences and similarities will be discussed. The long term safety and tolerability of medications used to treat chronic conditions are always key considerations. We will review these important aspects of the latest treatments. Educational Objectives: Explain why pharmacologic treatment is the foundation for a multimodal approach towards the treatment of ADHD. List the challenges faced by patients and their families in terms of its impact on behavior and function. Discuss the benefits of titrating to an optimal dose. Explain why long-acting stimulants are the mainstay of treatment. Explain positioning of stimulants and non-stimulants in the treatment paradigm. Establish the safety and tolerability of stimulant medication.