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The following chapters present the historical development and the current situation of the nonprofit sector in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, and Austria. The reader will get an idea of the national profiles of the nonprofit sector derived from available empirical data. These country profiles provide a comprehensive and profound insight into the history, the prior development,...
The history of institutionalized civic activity in Poland reaches back to the 12th century. Three commingling sources — namely, the Christian heritage, the secular humanist tradition, and pro-independence sentiment — inspired and animated the development of organized social activity in Poland. During the period preceding the political and economic reforms launched in 1989, it was the country’s Christian...
In the Czech republic, the concept of civil society was introduced to public consciousness after 1989, when the Communist Party’s monopoly of power was abolished. This historical event left indelible traces also on the meanings in which the term “civil society” appears in the public usage. In the beginning the mass media expounded the circumstance that it had been the civil society in the form of...
Nongovernmental voluntary activities in Slovakia have a long tradition, even though they have been affected by the communist system. Their forms, functions, and relations with the state and the civil society have undergone change throughout the centuries.
Hungarian discussions on the terminology of the voluntary/nonprofit/nongovernmental/third sector and its organizations are dominated by the civil society concept and the much more pragmatic notion of the nonprofit sector. The Hungarian version of the civil society concept has been an intellectual outcome of a long and painful “muddling through”-type (Anheier and Seibel, 1993) transition from communist...
The concept of a third sector embedded in society and apart from government has not yet developed into an “island of identity” in Germany. The reasons why the idea of a third sector as a part of civil society has not yet been accepted are manifold. Firstly, German society still exhibits remnants of a polarized, even pillarized political culture. The cleavage structures dating back to the 19th century...
Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) play an important role in Austrian society and in the economy. Nonetheless, nonprofit sector research in this country — and in continental Europe in general — is a relatively new academic discipline (Badelt, 2002a).1 This is contrary to many Anglo-American countries, where — based on the work of de Tocqueville (Tocqueville, 1978) — communitarian concepts like Etzioni’s...
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