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Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative bacterium of gonorrhoea, the second most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is an obligate human pathogen and colonises primarily the anogenital tract, and is extremely adept at evading the immune response and developing or acquiring resistance to therapeutic agents. This chapter describes the pathogenesis of the infection and how it manifests...
Chlamydiae are bacteria that are highly adapted to an intracellular life cycle in eukaryotic host cells. Host cell functions are specifically modulated by chlamydial proteins or products that are translocated from the bacteria into the host cell cytosol. Chlamydia trachomatis has evolved effective strategies to interfere with cellular immune responses and establish acute as well as chronic infections...
Chlamydia trachomatis is an important genital pathogen and the most common bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infections. Most clinical manifestations of C. trachomatis genital infections are silent and the majority of chlamydial infections are asymptomatic. Symptomatic chlamydial infections only represent the tip of the iceberg.
Molecular biological technologies provide a high sensitivity and specificity for chlamydia diagnosis and are now considered to be the gold standard method for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Nucleic acid amplification technologies enable chlamydia diagnosis from invasive and noninvasive specimens in both men and women. The high number of asymptomatic infection and severe sequela in adolescents...
LGV is primarily an infection of lymphatics and lymph nodes. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria responsible for LGV. It gains entrance through breaks in the skin, or it can cross the epithelial cell layer of mucous membranes. The organism travels from the site of inoculation down the lymphatic channels to multiply within mononuclear phagocytes of the lymph nodes it passes. LGV may begin as a self-limited...
Syphilis continues to have great public health importance because it increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection significantly; furthermore, statistical studies suggest that there are no chances of eradicating it in the foreseeable future. The T. pallidumGenome Sequencing Project also confirmed what had already been suggested by ongoing experimental efforts: this bacterium is...
Dark field microscopy (DFM) is the only test that allows immediate diagnosis, treatment, and partner notification, thereby preventing further transmission. A highly positive IgM titer indicates, independently from the value of IgG or TPHA titer, an active infection and the need for treatment. A low IgM titer, in combination with a high IgG or TPHA titer, is consistent with a latent or chronic treponemal...
Primary syphilis is a genital ulcer disease. The leading signs and symptoms are painless and indurated ulcers and regional lymph nodes. Secondary syphilis is marked by non-itching exanthema with involvement of the palms and the soles of the feet.
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) may occur at all stages of syphilis. It can be assigned to primosecondary stage, early and late latency, or tertiary stage according to the interval after infection and the symptomatology. CNS involvement in early syphilis manifests as mild meningitis, cranial nerve alterations, and vascular brainstem syndromes. Syphilitic polyradiculitis also develops...
The incidence of syphilis has decreased since the introduction of penicillin and subsequent preventive measures. With the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis has resurged as a significant disease. Diagnosis of syphilis is further complicated by the vast array of clinical manifestations due to coinfection with HIV. It is crucial to identify its clinical manifestations, diagnosis,...
Chancroid is caused by the gram negative bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi. The disease is found mainly in developing countries. Most people in the U.S. and Europe diagnosed with chancroid have traveled outside the country to areas where the disease is known to occur frequently. Uncircumcised men are at much higher risk than circumcised men for getting chancroid from an infected partner. Chancroid is a...
Granuloma inguinale is a bacterial disease characterized by ulcerative genital lesions that is endemic in many less developed regions. The disease often goes untreated because of the scarcity of medical treatment in the countries in which it is found. In addition, the painless genital ulcers can be mistaken for syphilis. The ulcers ultimately progress to destruction of internal and external tissue,...
Mycoplasmas comprise a large group of microorganisms consisting of 180 species, which can be found in nature as parasites in reptiles, plants, mammals, and humans. Since 1990, with the development of sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a significant number of publications have shown a strong association between mycoplasmas and genital infections, specifically M. genitalium, and...
Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal disorder, especially in women of childbearing age. Pathogenesis is multifactorial involving Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes. Diagnosis is clinical and by finding “clue cells” in vaginal microscopy. Therapy is antibacterial.
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