Shigellosis is a major global human health problem. At present, four species of human Shigella pathogens, i. e. S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei are known to cause a human infection. These species are subdivided into different serotypes. Typical symptoms of acute shigellosis include diarrhea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stool, abdominal cramp and painful tenesmus. The infection with Shigella can lead to an acute life-threatening disease, depending on the transfer route, pathogen load and individual immunity. The morbidity and mortality due to shigellosis are especially high among children in developing countries. There are various aspects of major occupational importance particularly for healthcare workers, travellers or members of the armed forces. This article provides a brief review of the current knowledge about the epidemiology, pathology, diagnostics, treatment and prevention.