We used the split Hopkinson dynamic impact test and ABAQUS finite element simulation to study the damage mechanism of dynamic impacts on the 7055-T4 aluminum alloy. The results show that the energy absorption phenomenon occurs when the dynamic impact temperature is 220°C. There is a clear positive correlation between the size of the precipitated phase and the dynamic impact temperature. The regression effect of the 7055-T4 aluminum alloy is most obvious when the dynamic impact temperature is 320°C. The adiabatic temperature rise model in the dynamic impact shear zone and the damage model considering the adiabatic temperature increase are established. Moreover, the above model has high accuracy and is verified by projectile impact simulation.