Psychological and psychosocial problems (PPPs) are highly relevant in cancer patients during therapy and post therapy. As shown by a multitude of reviews, the frequency and intensity of these problems can be reduced by sport and exercise interventions. This article reports the main results of these reviews on the basis of a theoretical systematization of PPPs. The article starts with a discussion of the meta-concept quality of life consisting of a variety of different dimensions. The subsequent systematization of PPPs builds upon two dimensions, namely the contextual dimension (affective-emotional, cognitive, somatic and psychosocial context) and the psychological dimension (feelings, appraisal und personality). Reviews show relatively strong evidence for the role of sport and exercise in the improvement of feelings and appraisals, in terms of both affective-emotional aspects (especially mood, anxiety, depression) and somatic aspects (especially fatigue), and global variables (global quality of life, global well-being). There is insufficient and inconsistent evidence on changes in body concept, body image, coping with cancer and self-efficacy. Psychosocial variables are rarely considered. Additionally, research on the effects of different types of training (form of exercise, training intensity, training load, organization of training) on PPPs is in early stages. Given the evidence for effects of sport and exercise interventions on PPPs in cancer patients, such interventions are recommended. However, there is a lack of research that considers specific types of cancer, specific target groups, and the mechanisms underlying these effects.