We proposed an analytic-numerical method for the solution of axisymmetric boundary-value problems of the theory of elasticity for two-layer cylindrical bodies with the help of homogeneous solutions. The components of the vector of displacements and the stress tensor are represented in the form of series whose coefficients are determined by the constructed eigenfunctions. A computer procedure is developed for the solution of boundary-value problems for a two-layer cylinder. We establish criteria such that the constructed solution coincides with the exact solution in the case where these criteria are satisfied. The qualitative and quantitative regularities of the behavior of the components of the stress-strain state of the analyzed two-layer cylinder under the action of local loads with clearly defined maximum are described.