For the first time in the history of industrialization, nanotechnology offers the unique opportunity to consider material safety concerns prior to widespread adoption and use by industry. Many scientists around the world have been motivated by this and are working on developing and applying nanotechnology as safely as possible, attempting to avoid the pitfalls of our earlier introductions of new chemicals and chemical processes into commerce. One key aspect of defining the safety of any chemical product, whether nano-sized or conventional, is toxicity testing and the determination of hazard potential during manufacturing and/or use.