Peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis are regarded as different, but equally good, treatment modalities for the end-stage renal failure. From a medical perspective both dialysis modalities are equally suitable for most patients. It is important that the modality selected is influenced by patient preference and that patients are well informed. Peritoneal dialysis offers the options of going out to work, arranging free time, planning trips and being independent, all of which are high priorities for many patients. Peritoneal dialysis is preferable to haemodialysis for children and for patients who have experienced problems with haemodialysis, while active and intermittent diverticulitis are contraindications. Peritoneal dialysis can be problematic in the presence of diseases involving an elevated risk of peritonitis, hernias, severe obstructive lung disease, severe protein deficiency malnutrition, and severe psychosis. Multimorbidity, advanced age, cardiovascular disease, failed kidney transplant, polycystic kidney disease and anuria have been wrongly regarded as contraindications.