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A large variety of synthetic procedures have been developed for the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles with various sizes and shapes, and which are stable in a wide range of solvents. The optical properties of these nanomaterials are currently quite well understood, since the quality of the current preparation methods allows to obtain a high monodispersity, so that simplified theories can be...
The continued development of NSOM is expanding its capabilities as an analytical tool and here we have examined only a few of those techniques currently in development. However, a general trend is clear; the means by which NSOM may be used to characterize molecular properties at the nanometric scale is rapidly diversifying, and is not merely limited to traditional fluorescence measurements. Whether...
This chapter highlights representative research accomplishments in the area of fundamental and applied studies of the tunable LSPR. Specific applications in the Van Duyne laboratory include exploitation of the LSPR as a signal transduction mechanism for sensing applications and optimization of SERS signals. The optical properties of metallic nanostructures will find future application in the areas...
The investigation of the chemistry that occurs on the surface of colloidal metal particles is important for our understanding of many properties of nano-particles, such as their catalytic effects, their growth, and their electrochemical and photochemical behaviour. The electronics of nano-sized metal particles are changed when chemical events occur on the surface, and, consequently, certain physical...
Bio-Nanotechnology is a world determined by atoms, molecules and clusters and their complex assemblies integrated h a biological matrix. Whereas machining and handling at the hundred-nanometer level is already state-of-the-art in semiconductor industry, a number of new phenomena become important in the bio-nano world.
The study of fluorescence of molecules situated near nano-sized metal particles has been the subject of considerable experimental interest in recent years, largely due to important biological applications and the emergence of nano-technology.
In this chapter the phenomenon of surface-enhanced fluorescence has been discussed. Beginning with the discovery of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in the late 1970’s, this review has shown SEF in the context of the broader surface-enhanced spectroscopies. The close relationship of SEF to SERS, due to their common EM enhancement mechanism, in particular, has been stressed. In order to provide a...
Time resolved fluorescence measurements have become an important tool in applied fluorescence spectroscopy. Recently, it has been pointed out that the controlled manipulation of fluorescence decay rates opens a new dimension in applied fluorescence spectroscopy/ The fluorescence decay rate depends on two independent contributions, the pure radiative rate and the nonradiative rate. The latter one can...
The study of the effects of metal overlayers on organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is of interest in many scientific areas. The self-assembly process leads to a well-defined substrate whereas the numerous combinations of end-groups and metals allows for the fine-tuning of the chemistry at the monolayer/metal interface. These unique features make metal/SAM interfaces a valuable tool for probing...
Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) has become a widely accepted optical technique for the characterization of interfaces and thin films. The underlying physical principles have been worked out and are summarized in great detail in the literature. With the availability of commercial instruments applications of surface plasmon spectroscopies have been reported in many diverse fields of science...
The optical detection of sub-wavelength sized metal particles has its scientific roots nearly a hundred years ago when Zigmondy first reported the observation of individual metal colloids under a microscope However, it was not until the early 1980s that gold colloid (5 nm - 20 nm in diameter) that had antibodies attached to the particle surface were used to specially target immunogenic cellular proteins...
Receptor-ligand binding assays are central to medical diagnostics, proteomics, drug discovery, environmental monitoring and food processing. A typical binding assay uses a “capture molecule” (often loosely termed as the “receptor”) which is typically an antibody, DNA, peptide, or protein, that binds to a target analyte (ligand) of interest in a sample with high affinity and specificity. Binding of...
In recent years, there has been a growing interest among the scientific community in the modification of the fluorescence properties of dyes near metallic surfaces. It has been well established that the brightness of fluorophores significantly increases at close proximity to silvered surfaces (deposited colloids or islands) [1-6]. This effect is accompanied by dramatically decreased lifetimes, indicating...
Fluorescence experiments are typically performed in sample geometries that are large relative to the size of the fluorophores and relative to the absorption and emission wavelengths. In this arrangement the fluorophores radiate into free space. Most of our knowledge and intuition about fluorescence is derived from the spectral properties observed in these free-space conditions. However, the presence...
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