The most commonly agreed upon forms of affective psychopathology accompanying seizure disorders in humans are depression and anxiety.1,2 A variety of factors impact on affect in human epileptics, complicating determination of the contribution of epileptic pathophysiology to psychopathology. Factors include family history, medication, psychosocial factors and premorbid psychiatric condition1. Limbic kindling has been proposed as a model of complex partial seizure disorder with secondary generalization.1,3–5 Kindling of limbic foci produces lasting changes in animal behavior, including anxiety like behavior (ALB)1,6–9 and cognition.10 The lasting changes in ALB produced by kindling are consistent with the idea that seizures change affective behavior. Nevertheless, the nature of behavioral change produced by kindling is also complicated by a number of clinically relevant factors.