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The skin is equipped with afferent sensory and efferent autonomic nerves. The sensory system contains receptors for touch, temperature, pain, itch, and various other physical and chemical stimuli. Antidromic propagation of the impulses may directly elicit an inflammatory reaction. The autonomic nervous system maintains cutaneous homeostasis by regulating...
Cutaneous unmyelinated, polymodal sensory C-fibers have afferent functions to mediate cold, warmth, touch, pain, and itch to the CNS. Polymodal sensory C-fibers mediate also efferent functions by the release of neuropeptides. CGRP released from sensory nerves has an impact on keratinocyte differentiation, cytokine expression, and apoptosis. SP from sensory...
This chapter describes anatomy and function of the sympathetic nervous system in the skin. Sympathetic activity mainly serves maintenance of body temperature (thermoregulation). Sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity can be evaluated by quantifying vasoconstrictor reflexes. Examples of disorders leading to vasoconstrictor abnormalities are Raynaud’s syndrome...
Skin is the initial barrier to attack by exogenous elements. Cutaneous immunity, the active process by which immune homeostasis in the skin is maintained, is achieved through the interplay of innate and adaptive (acquired) arms. Innate immunity is a rapid, first-line defense that includes cellular (e.g., Langerhans cells, keratinocytes) and secreted elements (e.g...
Neuropeptides released by sensory nerves alter cutaneous immune cell functions. Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) are T-cell mediated immune reactions modulated by neuropeptides such as substance P, CGRP, VIP, and PACAP. Antigen presentation is modulated by local neuropeptides and is an important step in initiating a cellular immune...
Cells of the immune system express receptors for melanocortins, especially MC-IR. POMC-derived peptides such as α-MSH or ACTH have potent immunomodulatory effects on cells of the immune system including downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, induction of IL-10 and generation of regulatory T cells. The immuno-modulatory in vitro effects...
The Sympathetic Nervous System and Stress Responses: An activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), one of the main pathways involved in the stress response, produces an immediate, widespread “fight or flight” response. Transmitters of the SNS triggered during stress also shape the general and the cutaneous immune response. Catecholamines: The...
Proteolytic processing and degradation plays an important role in modulating the generation and bioactivity of neuroendocrine peptide mediators, a class of key molecules in cutaneous biology. Accordingly, the cellular localization and expression, and the molecular biology and structural properties of selected intracellular prohormone convertases and ectopically expressed zinc-binding...
Toll-like receptors are key facilitators of innate immunity within the skin. Different TLRs are activated by various exogenous and endogenous ligands. TLR signaling provides a mechanism of activating rapid and directed immune responses in defense of the host. Evidence for TLR expression and function has recently been discovered in skin and neuronal tissues...
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