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The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of the oldest hormone systems, is a complex regulatory system with many identifiable actions. However, it may primarily be viewed as a powerful regulatory system for the conservation of salt and blood volume, and the preservation of an adequate blood pressure (BP). To circumvent the major threats of low blood volume and low BP, animals and our ancestors, with...
Renin substrate in plasma, biological renin activity, and/or granulated cells in the kidney evolved at an early stage of vertebrate phylogeny. Angiotensin (Ang) I and II molecules have been biochemically identified in representative species of all vertebrate classes, and Ang II structure is well preserved throughout the phylogenetical scale. Ang receptors have also been identified pharmacologically...
Several models of essential hypertension have revealed abnormalities in pathways regulating cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis). The increased proliferative phenotype found as early as birth in hypertensives is accompanied by age-dependent alterations in apoptosis, contributing to neonatal hyperplasia of the heart, aorta, and kidneys. During the course of life, accelerated cell...
The renin/angiotensin system can exert a double-edged role in angiogenesis signaling. The pro-angiogenic activity of angiotensin II is predominantly mediated by stimulation of the angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1R), whereas the angiotensin receptor 2 (AT2R) inhibits angiogenesis. The pro-angiogenic activity of angiotensin II is believed to be predominantly mediated by stimulation of VEGF expression...
Immunocytochemical approaches have achieved an outstanding level for characterizing angiotensinergic systems in the brain and periphery. The development of affinity-purified antibodies for angiotensin II has resulted in distinct loss of background activity and produced discrete staining of neurons and small angiotensinergic fibres. The improvement of immunocytochemical techniques has enhanced the...
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as an endocrine system, designed to deliver its active end-product, angiotensin II, to tissues via circulating blood, has been challenged in the past two decades by studies demonstrating high tissue levels of angiotensin II, as well as release of angiotensin I from tissue sites. The high tissue levels of angiotensin II could not be explained...
Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown in several experimental conditions to stimulate the production of endothelin (ET), an endothelium-derived constricting factor. It is therefore not surprising that some of the physiological or pathological effects of angiotensin II are in fact mediated by endothelin through interaction with its specific receptors. For instance, ET receptor antagonists block part...
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