This chapter reviews the existing evidence base for behavioral interventions in relation to the prevention and management of chronic diseases. We focus primarily on the key lifestyle and self-care behaviors – dietary behaviors, exercise, smoking, and disease management behaviors – that are causally linked to circulatory and related conditions, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions. The review is conducted in three steps. First, we consider the evidence for the effectiveness for behavioral interventions by considering the systematic reviews in this field. Second, we supplement these findings with issues and findings from relevant narrative reviews. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for future research and practice in the field, especially on issues related to intervention delivery and broader uptake of interventions and their sustainability.