The successful provision of renal replacement therapy (RRT) to children requires a thorough understanding of the dialytic modalities being prescribed and the unique features of the pediatric population. The accumulation of clinical experience and advances in technology have facilitated the application of peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) to even the smallest newborn infant in a safe and efficient manner. The primary aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of issues pertinent to the provision of chronic dialysis therapy to infants and children, with particular emphasis on newly recognized developments in the field and differences from adult dialysis care, where they exist. The topic of acute RRT will also be discussed because of the limited resources available on the topic and its critical contribution to the care of children.