Chronic pain is clearly one of the most challenging problems of modern medicine. Chronic pain after trauma in general and following combat trauma is not an uncommon component of the problem. Structural lesions affecting central and peripheral neural structures, bone and joints, soft tissues and internal organs can all result in chronic pain. Psychological factors associated with the trauma, especially in combat environment, can further augment the problem. This chapter is aimed to help the clinician identify and treat these painful conditions, preferably early on in the course of the injury.