Almost thirty years after the beginning of geographic information science (GIScience) as an interdisciplinary but distinct scientific field, new and deeper research questions have arisen, questions which make us return back to the fundamental issues of geographic concepts, knowledge representation, and semantically-aware approaches. The questions are very difficult to answer, yet this should not prevent us from always pursuing the very nature of geographic meaning. It is evident that meanings and understandings in the geospatial domain (thereinafter called “geonoemata”) pivot around the connection between the central representational notions of concepts and objects. The use and application of these notions can be accounted for most problems in interoperability, non-universality of approaches, misinterpretation, and semantic conflicts. In this section, an attempt is made to identify a number of open and promising research questions in great need for progress.