The properties of graphene and graphene-like materials (GLMs) have been considered using the Harrison bond-orbital method, within which the stability of GLMs with a high bond ionicity has been analyzed. For purely covalent crystals (graphene, silicene, and germanen) and GLMs with a low bond ionicity, the anharmonic elastic properties (Grüneisen constant, pressure and temperature dependences of the bulk modulus) have been considered. Within the Keating force constant model, the second- and third-order elastic constants and the pressure dependence of the second-order elastic constants have been determined. The parameters of the previously proposed empirical potential have been determined. The results obtained are compared with the available experimental data and calculation results of other studies.