Liquid crystals are molecular materials which combine anisotropy with a dynamic nature. This unique character can lead to the fabrication of new dynamically functional materials. A new class of liquid crystals prepared by self-assembly processes through the formation of intermolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonding would be key materials for such an approach. Supramolecular hydrogen-bonded liquid-crystalline complexes have been prepared from different and independent molecules such as carboxylic acids and pyridines. A variety of molecular structures as well as polymeric complexes have been obtained by the self-association of hydrogen-bonded components. Hydrogen-bonded complexes consisting of identical molecules such as benzoic acids, amides, and polyols also form liquid-crystalline aggregates which exhibit a variety of ordered structures. In addition to these materials which exhibit homogeneous mesophases, anisotropic liquid-crystalline gels which consist of heterogeneous structures are obtained as a new mesomorphic material. These self-assembled liquid crystals could bridge the disciplines of materials science and supramolecular chemistry.