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8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009, Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009. Revised Selected Papers
There exist eight conjunctions in Georgian that are used to express semantic or pragmatic contrast. They can be presented as a hierarchy: aramed > oγond > tumca > magram > k’i//k’idev > xolo > tu > da. The hierarchy is organized in such a way that the ability of conjunctions to express contrasting conjoining decreases from the left to the right. On the basis of functional analysis...
In this paper, we discuss dependencies between rhetorical discourse structure and relevance implicatures. We follow [3] and infer relevance implicatures from the assumption that an answer provides optimal information for solving an explicitly or implicitly given decision problem of the inquirer. Such a decision problem can be identified with a question raised in the conversation. Background questions...
The calculus of pregroups is a kind of type (or categorial) grammar introduced by Lambek [17] for the analysis and computation of natural languages; it has been applied to a wide range of languages from English and German, to French and Italian, and many others [11]. Like Lambek’s Syntactic Calculus, pregroups are non-commutative structures, but the syntax of natural languages shows also the presence...
The paper discusses the meaning and functions of the Georgian lexical items mxolod and mart’o. It shows that both are focus particles which can substitute each other in particular contexts and that mxolod,unlike mart’o, can be negated and imply an additive reading. The paper further shows that mart’o can be categorized as an adverb additionally to its categorization as focus particle. As adverb it...
The paper offers a new type of approach to the semantic phenomenon of adverbial aspect shift. It accounts for standard data that resisted a full theoretical explanation so far and deals with some challenging new data, moreover. The paper develops a new type of approach within the framework of finite-state temporal semantics. According to the proposal made here, temporal prepositions are dynamic presuppositions...
The preverb is one of the main tools used to reflect spatial relations defining direction or location of an action denoted by a verb. The Megrelian preverb system is quite complex. According to their morphological structure, Megrelian preverbs are of two main types: simple and complex. As for their function, they can be used: 1) to show direction (with verbs of motion or movement); 2) to express orientation,...
This paper explores the hypothesis of Direct Compositionality, which is the hypothesis that natural language syntax and semantics work in tandem. The syntax is a system proving expressions well-formed (often proving larger expressions well-formed on the basis of their smaller constituent parts) while the semantics works directly with this to supply a model theoretic interpretation to each expression...
The West Caucasian language Abkhaz is characterized by a rich but rather regular agglutinative morphology. Word stress, however, is free and dynamic and difficult to predict. A theory of stress in Abkhaz has been developed by V. Dybo, A. Spruit and L. Trigo which predicts word stress correctly in the majority of cases. Although stress is not orthographically marked, its position determines the surface...
We report on the results of our reasoning experiments concerning direct inferences with quantifiers: some, most, all. We investigated scalar implicatures of some and most, as well as inferences from all to most, from all to some and from most to some. Based on our results, we propose that scalar implicatures are context-independent and default in this sense that the pragmatic interpretation of the...
This paper discusses event-internal pluractional verbs, i.e. morphologically complex verbs that denote events constituted by pluralities of phases, under the hypothesis that they describe non-canonical events. Non-canonicity is understood in comparative terms with respect to the description of the events provided by the corresponding simplex verb forms; It is modelled via the modification of a measure...
This paper studies the general meaning of the additive particle too. It is argued that besides its well-known presuppositional content, too also conveys an information regarding the similarity of its host and the antecedent of its presupposition in the discourse. We couch our proposal in an argumentative framework. This proposal is then articulated with recent accounts of the obligatoriness of too...
Everyday natural language communication is normally successful, even though contemporary computational linguistics has shown that NL is characterised by very high degree of ambiguity and the results of stochastic methods are not good enough to explain the high success rate. Bayesian natural language interpretation and the combination with speaker self-monitoring are proposed as an explanation of the...
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