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Vibro-acoustography can reconstruct a map of the object by measuring the acoustic field resulting from object vibration at a specified low frequency (low kilohertz range). This method has been successfully utilized to image arterial calcifications in vitro and in vivo. Recent achievements in transducer technology and software implementation in existing commercial ultrasound machines should facilitate...
Atherosclerosis can be thought of as a complex process involving many aspects of the patient’s life, ranging from sex, age, and genetics to lifestyle and nutrition. In the last 10 years, there has been a wide expansion of the “-omics” sciences. Such sciences have proven very effective and accurate in the analysis of complex systems, where the analysis of many factors might help a better understanding...
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is an insidious condition that develops over an extended period of time. By the time the disease is apparent, the arterial wall has already undergone a substantial amount of remodeling. Current diagnostic tools are based on risk factor profiling, biomarker measurements, and lesion detection. Although relatively effective in large cohorts of subjects, risk factors...
Sustained or repeating chronic infections have been linked to arterial calcification. Biologic nanoparticles (NPs) that propagate in culture have been isolated from calcified soft tissues. When inoculated into experimental animals, NPs appear to exacerbate the arterial response to injury, up to and including medial discontinuity and vascular occlusion. These NPs may be re-assembled proteins and microvesicles...
The primary trigger for myocardial infarction and stroke is destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. The chance of a plaque to rupture is related to its composition and geometry. Ultrasound (shear) strain imaging allows assessment of local tissue mechanics and possible risk assessment of vulnerable plaques. Intravascularly, in coronary arteries using a catheter, strain imaging has been demonstrated...
Successful diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis demands imaging modalities that can characterize the composition of atherosclerotic plaques, stage the disease, and guide interventional therapy. In this chapter, combined intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging is used to address these issues. Based on the difference in optical absorption spectra, lipid-rich...
Carotid artery stenosis is a disease developed due to cardiovascular incapacity and cerebral infarction. Carotid artery stenosis is related with deep, subcortical, or cortical infarctions. In presurgery evaluation, asymptomatic dyslipidemia or symptomatic carotid artery stenosis are evaluated by imaging. Cardiovascular ischemia is occasionally interpreted as active and silent infarcts. In advanced...
Blood hemodynamics have been shown to correlate with cardiovascular pathologies, such as plaque formation, atherosclerosis, wall remodeling, and aneurysm formation. Thus, quantification of blood hemodynamics in the presence of pathology is of great interest to both researchers and physicians. This chapter reviews currently available as well as ‘development-phase’ techniques with great promise in future...
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