Scientific cooperation between five institutions supported by the European Union and agencies in China and South Africa permitted the study of several Chinese extreme environments under the project MGATech during the period 2002–2006. This chapter summarizes the studies carried out in seven saline, and in some cases, also alkaline lakes in Inner Mongolia, China. These studies include the geographical description of the lakes and data concerning their chemical composition, as well as microbiological studies on six of the lakes focused on the description of the bacterial and archaeal diversity based on both culture-independent (molecular analysis techniques based on the direct isolation of DNA) and culture-dependent methods. Haloarchaeal viruses from one lake were also studied.