During the past decade there has been an increasing interest on the impact and interaction of pain and sleep disturbance. This chapter will present an overview of the growing literature on pain and insomnia, as well as a brief review of cognitive behavioral treatment options. In the United States, 15-20% of the population experiences acute pain and 25-30% experiences chronic pain. Almost a third adults experience at least one symptom a few nights or more per week according to the National Sleep Foundation’s 2005 Sleep in America poll It has been conservatively estimated that 28 million Americans experience sleep complaints in the context of a chronically painful condition. The pathophysiology of either condition and especially the comorbidity of the two have been poorly studied so have therapeutic interventions. Given the immense impact of sleep and pain on individual’s and society, there is a need to further understand and explore the pathways of sleep disturbance and pain.