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In this paper we will discuss a methodology developed and applied in the European ITERATE project with the objective of designing experiments that will provide data to seed the ITERATE theoretical model of operator behaviour in different surface transport modes: road vehicles, rail transport and ships. A structured approach was taken involving seven steps: (1) Selection of operator support systems...
This paper addresses the problem to find an optimal warning and intervention strategy for a partially autonomous driver’s assistance system. Here, an optimal strategy is regarded as the one minimizing the risk of collision with an obstacle ahead, while keeping the number of warnings and interventions as low as possible, in order to support the driver and avoid distraction or annoyance. A novel approach...
This paper presents a method that has enabled us to make a selection of error types and error production mechanisms relevant to the HUMAN European project, and discusses the reasons underlying those choices. We claim that this method has the advantage that it is very exhaustive in determining the relevant error types and error production mechanisms, and that the final objects are selected according...
In the design and development of advanced vehicle control systems such as X-by-Wire (XBW), system safety is a crucial aspect. Failures in XBW can easily result in accidents. Therefore, methods and tools are needed to ensure fault-tolerant systems. Quantifying the consequence of an error is far from trivial, since the consequence is determined not only by the vehicle and the XBW system, but also by...
This paper describes an integrated design and implementation framework for cognitive models in complex task environments. We propose a task- and human-centered development methodology for deriving the cognitive models, and present a goal-based framework for implementing them. We illustrate our approach by modelling cognitive lockup as an error producing mechanism for pilots, and present the outcomes...
This study mainly forcused on unnecessary alarms for forward collision warning systems (FCWS) and two driving simulator experiments were conducted to investigate whether considering individual driving characteristics is reasonable for decreases in unnecessary alarms when determining alarm timing. The results indicate that if the average characteristics of car-following behaviour are taken into account...
This paper presents the results of our analysis of human pilot behaviour and of a cognitive pilot model. We have performed experiments in a flight simulator including a new 4D flight management system (FMS) in order to gather information about the interaction of human pilots with the new FMS and to validate the performance of the cognitive pilot model. This paper focuses on the visual attention allocation...
There is a need to estimate impacts of proposed driver assistance systems already at early stages of the system development process. Estimations of the impacts of new technologies have to be based on laboratory studies and modelling. This paper presents a traffic simulation based framework for estimation of the traffic system wide impacts of driver assistance systems. The framework includes a two-step...
Simulating and predicting behaviour of human drivers with Digital Human Driver Models (DHDMs) has the potential to support designers of new (partially autonomous) driver assistance systems (PADAS) in early stages with regard to understanding how assistance systems affect human driving behaviour. This paper presents the current research on an integrated driver model under development at OFFIS within...
Aircraft cockpit system design is an activity with several challenges, particularly when new technologies break with previous user experience. This is the case with the design of the advanced human machine interface (AHMI), used for controlling the Advanced Flight Management System (AFMS), which has been developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Studying this new User Interface (UI) requires...
DRAM (Darmstadt Risk Analysis Method), is a structured and effective approach to do risk assessments and other evaluations on complex systems, especially if they are influenced by human behavior. The method is quite general. It does not imply any specific findings. To integrate findings is the task of the different research groups who are using DRAM. The method comprises a language to describe and...
Introduction The Man–machine Integration Design and Analysis (MIDAS) human performance model was augmented to improve predictions of multi-operator situation awareness (SA). In MIDAS, the environment is defined by situation elements (SE) that are processed by the modeled operator via a series of sub-models including visual attention, perception, and memory. Collectively, these sub-models represent...
Driver behaviour can be modelled in one of two approaches: ‘Descriptive’ models that describe the driving task in terms of what the driver does, and ‘Functional’ models that attempt to explain why the driver behaves the way he/she does, and how to predict drivers’ performance in demanding and routine situations. Demanding situations elicit peak performance capabilities, and routine situations elicit...
Background We present a probabilistic model architecture combining a layered model of human driver expertise with a cognitive map and beliefs about the driver-vehicle state to describe the effect of anticipations on driver actions. Methods It implements the sensory-motor system of human drivers with autonomous, goal-based attention allocation, and anticipation processes. The model has emergent properties...
As virtualization of design methods in general becomes more and more relevant, one of the main goals of the EU FP7 Project ISi-PADAS is the development of a Joint Driver-Vehicle-Environment Simulation Platform (JDVE) which enables the designers of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to validate their design with driver models as well as with “real” drivers. In order to cover both test cases,...
Background In recent studies it has been investigated how the decrease of situation awareness is related to the level of drivers’ attention dedicated to the road and to drivers’ incorrect expectation on traffic events. This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of a distracting visual research task and drivers’ expectations on traffic behaviour on drivers’ on-road performances. Methods Twenty...
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