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Stalnaker ([9]) and much subsequent work argues that we should model the common ground as a set of possible worlds, but there are different ways in which one might imagine doing so. This paper asks which way is most appropriate when it comes to explaining how language works. The paper looks at a certain restriction on the use of copular questions, and suggests that accounting for this restriction...
Controlled and restricted dialogue systems are reliable enough to be deployed in various real world applications. The more conversational a dialogue system becomes, the more difficult and unreliable become recognition and processing. Numerous research projects are struggling to overcome the problems arising with more- or truly conversational dialogue system. We introduce a set of contextual coherence...
We propose a new data model intended for peer-to-peer (P2P) databases. The model assumes that each peer has a (relational) database and exchanges data with other peers (its acquaintances). In this context, one needs a data model that views the space of available data within the P2P network as an open collection of possibly overlapping and inconsistent databases. Accordingly, the paper proposes the...
Discussions in philosophy of language, semantics, and pragmatics, often make crucial use of the notion of what is said. It is held that in order to account for our intuitions on what is said, we need a distinguished semantic level. A tripartite distinction is made among what the sentence means independently from the context of utterance, what it means (or “says”) within the context, and what the speaker...
We determine criteria for modelling plan-based “but” in task-oriented dialogue (TOD), following work by Lagerwerf [5] and focusing on cases in which it signals denial of expectation (DofE) and concession, to which end we propose a novel treatment of concession in TOD. We present initial considerations for an algorithm to address plan-based “but” in an Information State (IS) model of dialogue that...
This paper develops further aspects of Contextual Intensional Logic, a type-theoretic logic intended as a general foundation for reasoning about context. I motivate and formulate the dynamic version of the logic, prove some results about it, and show how it can be used to specify inter-contextual reasoning.
The reality of linguistic forms (i.e. the language context) is connected to the world of prelinguistic and precognitive reality (i.e. the evaluation context) by the functions of truth and reference. Nevertheless, both truth and reference are relative. They are mediated by the cognitive module that controls all kinds of act of typing, type knowledge, or the lexicalization of these types (i.e. the interpretation...
Problems related to indexicality, such as Sidelle’s Answering Machine Paradox [10], have been problematic for direct reference theorists. The solutions suggested to date are not wholly satisfactory. I suggest that the correct solution requires an account of context shifting in natural language. However, existing context shifting accounts assume that context shifting is a purely semantic, operator-governed...
Context is vital for deciding which of the possible senses of a word is being used in a particular situation, a task known as disambiguation. Motivated by a survey of disambiguation techniques in natural language processing, this paper presents a mathematical model describing the relationship between words, meanings and contexts, giving examples of how context-groups can be used to distinguish different...
An account of reference which treats the role of perceptual demonstratives as fundamental is explored. Campbell’s[1] account of reference and perceptual demonstratives is discussed, but it is argued that his account of perception is unsatisfactory, and an alternative account is proposed. This account is derived, albeit with substantial modifications, from Lewis[6] and Chisholm[2].
In this paper we discuss the role of spatial context in interpreting and understanding actions from the perception of static images. Our proposal is that people use spatial context, which is to say the relations among objects, to infer actions and make predictions about future states even when no physical events are directly perceived. We begin by presenting an overview of relevant theories for action...
Mobile telephony is increasing in use and is presently the most common mobile communication technology. Furthermore, the technological possibilities for context-aware features for mobile phones are increasing. The out-of-context communication that occurs from mobile telephony leads to a need for exploring how users deal with situational cues in order to evaluate proposed context-aware features. We...
Using a browsing context is one of the keys to web site access personalization under particular constraints. With poor user information modeling, which is a common situation, a web site cannot be adapted to the current user. Assuming the current clickstream is the only known information about a web site user (no profile, no past sessions, no identification, no content analysis of viewed pages), we...
This paper motivates and outlines a logical formalism for the representation of a dialogue agent’s beliefs and goals in a computationally attractive way, and is meant to be a basis for effective and efficient context representation in a dialogue system.
The paper addresses the problem of using contextual information by neural nets solving problems of contextual nature. The models of a context-dependent neuron and a multi-layer net are recalled and supplemented by the analysis of context-dependent and hybrid nets’ architecture. The context-dependent nets’ properties are discussed and compared with the properties of traditional nets considering the...
In this paper we will discuss the context management features of the new logic programming language DALI, aimed at defining agents and multi-agent systems. In particular, a DALI agent, which is capable of reactive and proactive behaviour, builds step-by-step her context. Context update is modelled by the novel concept of “evolutionary semantics”, where each context manipulation is interpreted as a...
In mobile computing, the efficient utilisation of the information gained from the sensors embedded in the devices is difficult. Instead of using raw measurement data application specifically, as currently is customary, higher abstraction level semantic descriptions of the situation, context, can be used to develop mobile applications that are more usable. This article introduces an ontology of context...
For conversational agents engaging in a natural language-based interaction with web site users in service exchange applications, simple entertaining “chatting” is not sufficient. Instead, the agent needs to be cooperative by trying to provide relevant information about products and/or the conditions of purchasing. In this paper we analyze how the proactive behaviour of conversational agents can be...
GloBuddy is a dynamic broad-context phrase book that assists English speaking travelers in finding words and phrases, in a foreign language, that are relevant to their current situation or context. Unlike traditional phrase books, such as Berlitz, GloBuddy achieves a broad range of contexts by using common sense knowledge from the OpenMind database and the OMCSnet, in conjunction with a translation...
Classical Context Sensitive languages can be parsed by dynamically adding or removing production rules from the rules set. The grammar is modified according to the context, and evolves during parsing, allowing to take the context into consideration at the syntactical level and not in a separate semantic analysis. This approach has proven greater flexibility in the definition of programming languages,...
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