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In this paper, we present a critique of the uniform treatment of nominal and adverbial quantification in van der Sandt’s binding theory of presuppositions. We develop an alternative account of adverbial quantification framed in terms of Beaver’s reconstruction of Karttunen’s satisfaction theory. This account provides a simpler characterization of adverbial quantification that does not require recourse...
A theory of contextual propositions for indicative conditionals is presented. The main challenge is to give a precise account of how the dynamics of possible worlds depends on epistemic context. Robert Stalnaker suggested in [Stalnaker 84] that even when selection functions for evaluating indicatives cannot be defined in terms of epistemic context, they can be importantly constrained by a principle...
This paper presents a technique for making neural networks context-sensitive by using a symbolic context-management system to manage their weights. Instead of having a very large network that itself must take context into account, our approach uses one or more small networks whose weights are associated with symbolic representations of contexts an agent may encounter. When the context-management system...
Causes are defined informally to be events which are both contextually necessary and contextually sufficient for their effects. A formal, logico-pragmatic, definition is then given and discussed.
In “Demonstratives” Kaplan claims that the occurrence of a demonstrative must be supplemented by an act of demonstration, like a pointing (a feature of the objective context). Conversely in “Afterthoughts” Kaplan argues that the occurrence of a demonstrative must be supplemented by a directing intention (a feature of the intentional context). I present the two theories in competition and try to identify...
The development of more and more complex distributed applications over large networks of computers has raised the problem of semantic interoperability across applications based on local and autonomous semantic schemas (e.g., concept hierarchies, taxonomies, ontologies). In this paper we propose to view each semantic schema as a context (in the sense defined in [1]), and propose an algorithm for automatically...
In a previous paper, we proposed a first formal and conceptual comparison between the two most important formalizations of context in AI: Propositional Logic of Context (PLC) and Local Models Semantics/MultiContext Systems (LMS/MCS). The result was that LMS/MCS is at least as general as PLC, as it can be embedded into a particular class of MCS, called MPLC. In this paper we go beyond that result,...
This paper discusses the dynamic of context through the use of a context-based formalism called contextual graphs that has been initially developed in the SART application for the development of a support system in incident solving on a subway line. First, we present the formalism of contextual graphs through its new implementation. Second, we discuss the dynamic of context in contextual graphs. Third,...
We develop a Hilbert style calculus for modal propositional logic which allows for the deduction theorem. Labels are used to keep track of both modalities that have been entered and assumptions that have been made. The main technical result of this paper is the equivalence of the labelled deductive calculus to the normal calculus for modal propositional logic.
This note describes three formalized logics of context and their mathematical inter-relationships. It also proposes a Natural Deduction formulation for a constructive logic of contexts, which is what the described logics have in common.
This contribution examines the connectedness between the production and understanding of language, and between language use and context. It is firmly anchored to a relational conception of context and adapts Clark’s [4] conception of language use as both cognitive and social. The introduction spells out the basic premises for assigning language production and understanding the statuses of social actions...
Our concern is the explanation generation in a representation based on contextual categorization. We point out that the explicit consideration of the context is necessary for the generation of relevant explanations. We present how the model captures the context necessary for explanation and we report some results compatible with the hypothesis that explanation is based on categorical networks according...
This experiment examines the effects of context on olfactory descriptions. Odors are difficult to describe, and their verbalization results in strong individual variation. Sixty subjects were asked to describe 12 floral perfumes in two environmental contexts: an isolated context in which the odors were presented one by one, and a comparative context in which they were presented in groups of three...
We believe that a deeper understanding of the uses of contexts, in terms of its impact on knowledge representation structures, as reflected by a corpus of examples, is vital to the programme of formalizing contexts in Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, we examine a number of examples from the literature from the perspective of identifying general usage patterns. We identify four important varieties...
Context-aware application plays an important role in the ubiquitous computing (ubiComp) environment by providing the user with comprehensive services even without any explicitly triggered command. In this paper, we propose a unified context-aware application model which is an essential part to develop various applications in the ubiquitous computing environment. The proposed model affirms the independence...
To account for a type of contextual effect on word order, some researchers propose theme-first (old things first) principles. However, their universality has been questioned due to the existence of counterexamples and the possibility of arguably rheme-first (new things first) languages. Capturing the contextual effects on theme-rheme ordering (information structure) in terms of information theory,...
In conventional security systems, protected resources such as documents, hardware devices and software applications follow an On/Off access policy. On, allows to grant access and off for denying access. This access policy is principally based on the user’s identity and is static over time. As applications become more pervasive, security policies must become more flexible in order to respond to these...
The knowledge representation tradition in computational lexicon design represents words as static encapsulations of purely lexical knowledge. We suggest that this view poses certain limitations on the ability of the lexicon to generate nuance-laden and context-sensitive meanings, because word boundaries are obstructive, and the impact of non-lexical knowledge on meaning is unaccounted for. Hoping...
An algebraic variant of multi-context logic is considered as an alternative to existing logical accounts of fictional discourse. An associative and idempotent operator on reified fictions supercedes Woods’ olim modality. Soundness and completeness results are obtained for certain inter-fictional deductive rules relative to semantical conditions which respect the ‘authorial say-so’ criterion of fictional...
This work discriminates external and internal visual context according to a recently determined terminology in computer vision. It is conceptually based on psychological findings in human perception that stress the utility of visual context in object detection processes. The paper outlines a machine vision detection system that analyzes external context and thereby gains prospective information from...
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