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It was during the 1950s and 1960s when we began to realize that the concentration of many molecules circulating in the blood reflected tumor cell activity. Because blood could be sampled repeatedly, these circulating molecules were used to monitor the success of cancer treatment in patients, which allowed for the adjustment of therapeutic regiment from time to time. These molecules included enzymes,...
Inflammation, especially chronic inflammation, is a significant factor in the development of solid tumor malignancies (2). Several inflammation markers, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and amyloid protein, can be detected in the blood circulation and serve as risk factors for early neoplasm. CRP is nonspecific but is the most sensitive marker of inflammation. IL-6, IL-1,...
Current tumor markers are limited in their clinical utilities. They are only useful for monitoring cancer patients during treatment and for detecting recurrence. Because of the lack of specificity and sensitivity, currently used tumor markers are not recommended for screening or diagnosis. Therefore, new tumor markers are being sought to improve the sensitivity for cancer detection and to improve...
In 1936 prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) became the key serum marker for monitoring prostate cancer (PCa) treatment (1–3). Approximately 50 yr later, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) emerged as the most useful serum marker for PCa management followed a few years later by the watershed application for early detection. In spite of the many tumor marker candidates proposed and studied for over 50 yr,...
The primary testicular cancers are classified as testicular germ-cell tumors and non-germcell tumors of the testis. The testicular germ-cell tumors constitute approx 90 to 95% of all testicular cancers, whereas the incidence of non-germ-cell tumors of testes is usually less than 10% (1). The testicular germ-cell tumors include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and teratoma with or without malignant transformation,...
There is a significant association between neoplastic cancers and autoimmune diseases. Many autoimmune phenomena have been observed in cancers. Conversely, cancers have been diagnosed with increased frequency in autoimmune diseases (1–4).
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