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In the central nervous system (CNS), glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate transporters remove the transmitter from the cleft and maintain its extracellular concentrations below neurotoxic levels (1–5). In addition, at some synapses glutamate transporters play an important role in limiting the duration of synaptic excitation (6–9). Glutamate uptake is an electrogenic...
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and mediates a wide variety of physiological functions, but the failure to adequately control extracellular glutamate concentrations can lead to excessive excitatory neurotransmission and cell death. Glutamate transporters contribute to maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations and thereby...
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission is characterized by the restricted expression of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the GABA receptors, and the GABA transporters in GABAergic synapses consisting of a presynaptic nerve ending, a postsynaptic entity, and surrounding astrocytes (1). Additionally, the presynaptic nerve ending is characterized by the presence of the...
The availability in the synaptic cleft of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, referred to as the monoamines, is tightly regulated by specific transport proteins that mediate rapid uptake into the presynaptic nerve terminals utilizing the Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane as the driving force (1–3). Three distinct monoamine transporters have been identified: the dopamine transporter (DAT)...
The Na+/Cl−-dependent neurotransmitter transporters (NTs) constitute a family of homologous membrane proteins responsible for the reuptake from the synaptic cleft of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine, as well as other small molecules, such as proline, creatine, betaine, and taurine. These transporters couple the movement...
The central role of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in most aspects of biological signal transduction has made them the object of extensive studies for a long period of time. These studies have revealed the key physiological roles of the many members of this family, and the manifold functions they have in the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery (for recent reviews, see refs. [1,2])...
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