General trends in the development of industrial processes and catalysts for the dehydrogenation of lower C3–C5 paraffins and olefins are considered. A brief review of studies on the improvement of commercial nickel–calcium phosphate and iron oxide catalysts for the dehydrogenation of olefins and ethylbenzene to dienes and styrene, respectively, performed in the Laboratory of Dehydrogenation at the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences) in collaboration with OAO NPO Yarsintez is given. The results of studies on the development of new spinel-supported bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts for the steam dehydrogenation of lower paraffins are presented.