Replacement of asbestos fibers by vegetable fibers is a major step to achieve a more sustainable construction. This chapter covers cement composite materials containing short vegetable fibers and also the replacement of steel reinforcement for bamboo rods. It includes fiber characteristics, properties and the description of the treatments that improve their performance; it covers the compatibility between the fibers and the cement matrix and also how the fibers influence cement properties. It also includes the properties and durability performance of cementitious materials reinforced with vegetable fibers.