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A fundamental feature of mammalian adaptive immunity is the highly diverse pool of antigen receptors found on lymphocytes. The T-cell receptor and the surface immunoglobulin on B cells facilitate the recognition of foreign structures found on tumors and pathogens that have overwhelmed the defenses of the innate immune system. Because pathogen encounters and neoplasic transformations are inherently...
T-regulatory cells have come to dominate immunology over the last decade [1]. The ability of cellular components of the immune system to suppress immune function was noticed more than 20 years ago and was recognized by a number of highly cited publications [2]. However, the lack of a specific phenotype for these cells, and an inability to document precise physiological mechanisms for their action,...
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from healthy Japanese individuals ranging in age from 20 to 90 years old and analyzed by using three color flow cytometer with regards to the number and percentage of various lymphocytes. In addition, we assessed the proliferative capacity of T-cells in the presence of an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and the amount of cytokines produced in the supernatant...
Age-related T-cell clonal expansions (TCE) are an incompletely understood disturbance in T-cell homeostasis found frequently in old humans and experimental animals. These accumulations of CD8 T-cells have the potential to distort T-cell population balance and reduce T-cell repertoire diversity above and beyond the changes seen in the aging of T-cell pool in the absence of TCE. This chapter discusses...
Organismal aging is affecting the performance of the immune system of mammals (including human one, being the topic of this chapter), and usually is associated with decreased ability to built adequate immune response to new and even cognate antigenic challenges on one side, and with reported increased frequency of autoimmune reactivity against own antigens [34, 61, 64] (but see the chapter by Ewa...
Age-related accumulation of DNA damage in human T-cells has been well documented and could be associated with T-cell malfunctions. Therefore, an age-related reduction in DNA repair capacity of human lymphocytes may contribute to this phenomenon and play a key role in the modification of the immune response observed in the elderly. Because the Mismatch Repair system is the main postreplicative pathway...
The elimination of expanded T-cells at the end of immune response is crucial to maintain homeostasis and avoid any uncontrolled inflammation. Resting mature T-lymphocytes when activated via their antigen-specific receptor (TCR) and CD28 coreceptor start to proliferate and acquire resistance to apoptosis. Reactivation of T-cells induces expression of CD95L which after binding to CD95 surfaceexpressed...
Aging is associated with a variety of perturbations in the immune system. One frequent alteration is a significant skewing of the CD8 T-cell repertoire. This alteration manifests as a clonal expansion of CD8 memory T cells, which in some cases can occupy the majority of the CD8 T-cell pool. CD8 clonal expansions are associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. Although CD8 clonal expansions are...
Increase of CD28-CD8 T-cells is one of the hallmarks of aging in the human immune system. Recent studies reveal the mechanism of generation and gene expression features of CD28-CD8 T-cells. Here, I summarize the recent progress focusing on the role of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in generation of CD28-CD8 T-cells and the identification of unique gene expression in CD28-CD8 T-cells by microarray gene expression...
Efficient immune response requires both vigorous effector responses and regulation via regulatory subsets. Any disturbances in the balance between these two opposite activities of immune system result in either autoimmunity or excessive immunosuppression. Undoubtedly immunosenescence contributes to this balance as it affects the majority of populations taking part in immune response. This chapter...
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