The new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium N-acetyl-L-glutamate (EMOP-AG) was synthesized. It was established that EMOP-AG (10 and 30 mg/kg, single administration) exhibited antihypoxic activity on various models of acute hypoxia (baric hypoxia with hypercapnia and hemic and histotoxic hypoxia) in mice and produced an equal or stronger effect than reference drugs (amtizol, mexidol, and emoxipin). EMOP-AG (10 and 30 mg/kg) had a marked neuroprotective effect on rats with bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries and was more effective in the treatment of neurologic deficiency than amtizol (10 and 30 mg/kg/day), mexidol (90 and 120 mg/kg/day), and emoxipin (120 mg/kg/day). It was also established that EMOP-AG (30 mg/kg) could prevent amnesia in a step-down passive avoidance situation caused by different factors (maximal electroshock, scopolamine, acute baric hypoxia with hypercapnia, and the combined action of extreme factors).