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A strong relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and accelerated cardiovascular disease, defined as the cardiorenal syndrome, is well documented, whether the initial event is in the kidney or in the heart. In the kidney context, mechanisms that link CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) involve both conventional and CKD (uremia)-related CVD risk factors. Several pathophysiologic processes...
Many national registries and epidemiological observations have revealed a strong correlation between morbidity and mortality of patients with cardiovascular disease and kidney dysfunction. In patients with heart failure, renal dysfunction is highly prevalent. Even mild to moderate renal dysfunction in patients with congestive heart failure, i.e., cardiorenal syndrome, leads to significant increase...
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