Mechanical loading and ambient actions on civil engineering structures and components cause lifetime-related deteriorations. Not the rare extreme loading events are in the first place responsible for the evolution of structural degradation but the ensemble of load effects during the life-time of the structure. It is of major importance to have models at hand which adequately reflect the experienced time histories of impacts, and which can include justified predictions of future trends. Leading types of loading and load-effects with relation to mechanical fatigue as well as damages due to hygro-thermal and chemical impacts are considered in this chapter. Selected contributions from wind and temperature effects with certain meteorological characteristics as well as from traffic loads on roads and railway lines are modeled as typical examples of contributions to mechanically induced degradations of structures. A specific aspect is the permanent settlement of soil due to high-cyclic, longterm loading, for which novel representations are developed. The attack of freeze-thaw circles in different environments and of chemical impacts leading to solving, swelling and leaching processes in concrete including principle interactions are discussed as examples for the main types of non-mechanically induced degradations.