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Complications following breast reduction can be difficult to prevent and should be timely diagnosed so that proper treatment can be instituted. The surgeon should be aware of the means to avoid complications and as to how to treat those complications that occur, in a timely fashion.
Reduction mammoplasty has evolved as a procedure of necessity for the treatment of mammary hypertrophy or mammary gigantism. Either condition is the cause of physical discomfort in the “over 30” population of women and additional severe psychological distress in females of teenage and prepregnancy years.
“Will I be able to breast feed after my reduction mam-maplasty?” is a commonly asked question by patients in the child bearing age group. This question has been asked ever since the introduction of the now very popular reduction mammaplasty operation. Unfortunately, and in view of the present day principles of stressing the importance of evidence based medicine, there are no definitive answers, and...
Breast hypertrophy can cause physical, psychological, and cosmetic discomfort. More than 100 different operative techniques have been described to reduce the size and to relieve the symptoms. For many years, shape, length of scars, and low complication rates were the major goals in breast reduction surgery. However, during the last years, attention has been directed towards the nerves supplying the...
Although the major objective of mammaplasty is to produce a breast mound of the desired size, position, and projection, oftentimes minor nuances can make the difference between just a good clinical result and a superior aesthetic outcome acceptable to the patient. Since the nipple—areola complex usually becomes the focal point when evaluating the operated breast, its location, size, sustained viability,...
When the inferior pedicle technique is used, a deformity sometimes occurs at the junction of the areola with the vertical line of breast closure with medial and lateral flaps. There have been multiple hypotheses to explain the pathogenesis of the distortion [1–3]. If the areola window is not circular on being closed, the deformity is bound to occur. To prevent this, Labandter et al. (1982) [1] designed...
Reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy are common procedures that typify the congruity between reconstruction and aesthetic concepts. When properly planned and executed, these procedures provide patients with viable options for changing the size or the shape of the breast. Lifting the breast and raising the nipple—areola complex also provide for a more youthful appearance. Improper planning or execution...
Most of the reduction mammoplasties comprised of a cone-form resection of the lower pole of the breasts [1–3]. On looking critically through the literature you may find certain flatness, here and there, on the lower pole of the breast. This flatness is offen corrected by itself but may stay as a telltale sign of the mammoplasty for years after. The additional zigzag resection of the lower pole tissue...
Breast reduction and mastopexy are two of the most common operations performed by plastic surgeons. The results are satisfactory in the majority of cases, but problems do occur even with the most careful planning.
Reduction mammaplasty is now one of the most commonly performed operations in plastic surgery. Patient satisfaction with breast reduction is high regardless of pedicle choice or incision pattern, a fact that has now been well elucidated by multiple outcome studies [1, 2]. In addition, the operation carries a relatively low incidence of complications. Prevention and treatment of some of the most devastating...
The author is not addressing minor aesthetic deformities such as dog ears, unsightly scars, or breast asymmetry, but rather addresses the uncommon problem of a patient presenting and requesting further reduction of an enlarged breast after a previous reduction mammaplasty. Repeat breast reduction appears to have been an uncommonly performed procedure before the 1990s as there was almost no literature...
Breast reduction (BR) operation is a plastic procedure based on different surgical techniques, aiming at reducing the breast volume when it has reached an excessive size, thus worsening the quality of life of the affected women. The problem of cancer either as an incidental finding during operation or in the long term after surgery has been widely investigated in the last 20 years; specifically, the...
Breast reduction is an extremely common procedure with around 100,000 cases performed annually in the United States. A growing number of women are having the surgery for a variety of reasons. Classically breast reduction is indicated for women with macromastia, who often complain of associated neck, back, or other musculoskeletal pain. These women may also progress to more debilitating ailments such...
Avascular necrosis of the nipple is a serious complication of reduction mammaplasty with nipple transposition. A frequency of fat necrosis of 2.1% and a total or partial necrosis of 0.3% has been reported in the literature [1]. In performing reduction mammaplasty different kinds of pedicles can be used such as the horizontal bipedicle, medial or lateral or vertical bipedicle, or inferior based pedicles...
Breast augmentation with concurrent or secondary mastopexy is a common, yet complex, operation [1, 2]. It is discussed frequently at national and international meetings and in the plastic-surgery literature. Despite its success in improving the overall aesthetic appearance of the breast, caution is advised in the use of the procedure [3, 4]. Augmentation with mas-topexy remains one of the most frequently...
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