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Multi-material 3D printing with electrically functional materials including conducting, sensing, insulating and semiconducting materials has led to the development of smart devices such as 3D structural electronics, sensors, batteries, etc. Electronically smart devices are a hot issue in 3D printing because they can certainly benefit from 3D printing technology, providing high design flexibility and...
3D printed active composites (PACs) are a new concept in active composite design and manufacturing where one or several active materials are used as fiber materials to create active shape changing composites that are determined by the design of fibers. Recent advances in multi-material 3D printing have enabled the rapid realization of these designs, many of which would not be possible without 3D printing...
Shape memory polymers (SMPs), as stimuli-responsive shape-changing polymers, change their deformed shape to pre-determined one under external stimuli, such as temperature, chemicals, light, etc. This research as part of the project in which employs four-dimensional (4D) printing technology to develop smart textile and wearable products. It describes the 4D printing process of the SMPs and their carbon...
Since its introduction, the 3D printing technology has been widely used in fields such as design, rapid prototyping, and biomedical devices, owing to its advantages of inexpensive, facile embodiment of computer 3D files into physical objects. Later, 4D printing was introduced by adding the temporal dimension to 3D. Stimuli such as heat, humidity, pH, and light trigger the actuation of printed objects...
In this paper, recent technology for wearables to detect electrolyte of sweat and biocompatible smart materials for additive manufacturing (AM) have been surveyed. The challenges and gaps toward successful realization of functional wearable devices as a kit to test biomarkers were, then, discussed. While wearable devices sensing physical conditions of users are popular in a consumer market, wearable...
4D printing is a new process that involves the use of 3D-printed objects and materials able to change shape over time. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of 3D-printed objects is needed prior to developing 4D-printed ones. Selective laser melting (SLM) is a very promising 3D printing technique; however, because of the intense heat input, problems such as balling phenomena, deteriorated surface...
In the era of multi-dimensional digital printing technology, engineering by multilayered ‘top-down’ methodologies are redefining manufacturing processes at multi-scale levels with atomic precision permitting unprecedented freedom to design complex structures at will. This challenges the current perception of conventional machining processes for unconventional materials (e.g. smart-stimuli responsive...
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