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The advent of anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) therapy resulted in significant progress in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. However, many patients do not respond to this therapy or develop acquired resistance within a few months after the start of treatment. Since 2008, anti-EGFR therapy is restricted to KRAS wild-type patients as it has been shown that KRAS exon...
A once-daily preservative-free fixed combination ophthalmic solution containing tafluprost 0.0015 % and timolol 0.5 % (hereafter referred to as tafluprost/timolol) [Taptiqom®] has been developed to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) whilst avoiding damage to the ocular surface associated with preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride. Tafluprost/timolol is available in various EU countries for the...
Ruxolitinib (Jakavi®, Jakafi®) is an orally administered, first-in-class Janus Kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor that was recently approved for the treatment of patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) who have responded inadequately to or are intolerant of hydroxyurea. By inhibiting JAK 1 and 2, ruxolitinib reduces hyperactive JAK-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signalling that...
Flibanserin (Addyi™) is chemically described as a benzimidazole and is being developed by Sprout Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). The drug has a high affinity for serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A antagonist) and is believed to treat HSDD by increasing levels of dopamine and noradrenaline and lowering levels of serotonin in the...
Tolvaptan (Jinarc®) is a highly selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist indicated for use in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Tolvaptan is the first pharmaceutical agent to be approved in Europe for delaying the progression of ADPKD in adults with stage 1–3 chronic kidney disease at initiation of treatment. In the large phase III TEMPO 3:4 trial in adults with...
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by an absence or impairment of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) function resulting in significantly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The cholesterol exposure burden beginning in utero greatly increases the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and premature...
Rolapitant (Varubi™) is an orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist developed by TESARO and approved in the USA for use in combination with other antiemetic agents for the prevention of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in adults. Unlike other approved agents in this class, rolapitant does not interact with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP3A4. It also has a long elimination...
Sebelipase alfa (Kanuma™) is a recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) developed by Synageva BioPharma Corp. (now Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) for long-term enzyme replacement therapy in patients with LAL deficiency. The agent, administered by intravenous infusion once weekly or once every other week, acts to replace the deficient enzyme activity in patients with LAL deficiency, reducing lysosomal...
Vilazodone (Viibryd®) exhibits the combined properties of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, and is approved in the US for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. In four randomized, double-blind, clinical trials, oral vilazodone 20 or 40 mg once daily for 8 or 10 weeks reduced from baseline (improved) the Montgomery-Åsberg...
Oritavancin (Orbactiv®) is a new generation lipoglycopeptide approved for use in adult patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI). It is administered as a single 1200 mg intravenous infusion over 3 h. In phase 3 trials in adult patients with ABSSSI, oritavancin was noninferior to vancomycin in terms of a composite outcome (cessation of spreading or reduction in the size...
As a consequence of disparities in access to and utilization of preventative healthcare, the incidence and death rates from cervical cancer remain substantial in the face of indisputable evidence that screening saves lives. While disparities persist, there will be an urgent need for research into the treatment of advanced forms of this disease. In this review, we explore the evolution of the treatment...
Nivolumab (Opdivo®; Nivolumab BMS™) was the first programmed death (PD)-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor to be approved for use in advanced, squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following prior chemotherapy. In the pivotal CheckMate 017 trial, intravenous nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks was associated with significantly better overall survival and progression-free survival and a significantly...
Omarigliptin [Marizev® (Japan)] is a small-molecule dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor developed by Merck for the oral treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Unlike the majority of other approved agents of its class, which are usually administered once daily, omarigliptin can be administered once weekly. Once-weekly omarigliptin has received its first global approval in this indication in Japan,...
Laparoscopic surgery is widespread, and an increasing number of surgeries are performed laparoscopically. Early pain after laparoscopy can be similar or even more severe than that after open surgery. Thus, proactive pain management should be provided. Pain after laparoscopic surgery is derived from multiple origins; therefore, a single agent is seldom sufficient. Pain is most effectively controlled...
Axitinib (Inlyta®) is a potent, selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2 and -3. This article reviews the clinical efficacy and tolerability of axitinib in patients with previously-treated advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as well as summarizing its pharmacological properties. Axitinib was effective in the second-line treatment of advanced RCC, according to the results...
The last three decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of immunosuppressive medications used in kidney transplantation leading to a remarkable gain in short-term graft function and outcomes. Despite these major breakthroughs, improvements in long-term outcomes lag behind due to a stalemate between drug-related nephrotoxicity and chronic rejection typically due to donor-specific...
The introduction of therapeutic agents such as irinotecan, oxaliplatin, and more recently biologic agents such as vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors has significantly improved survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. These novel agents have also contributed to added toxicities. Therefore, several studies have evaluated the role...
Evogliptin (Suganon™) is an orally bioavailable, selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4; CD26 antigen) inhibitor being developed by Dong-A ST for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. DPP-4 inhibitors control glucose levels by preventing the breakdown of the incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which stimulate insulin secretion...
Methotrexate is the most common disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current evidence supports its efficacy in the treatment of RA, resulting in improved short-term disease control and long-term outcomes in terms of radiographic progression. Oral methotrexate has traditionally been used first-line due to various reasons, including ease of...
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