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Type 2 diabetes and obesity are common metabolic disorders characterized by resistance to the actions of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle glucose disposal. Insulin-resistant muscle has defects at several steps of the insulin-signaling pathway, including decreases in insulin-stimulated insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase...
Patients with congenital multiple pituitary hormones deficiency (MPHD) occasionally present with pituitary stalk interruption and ectopic posterior lobe on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Very rarely normal adult height despite growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been described in these patients. We report two patients with evidence of congenital MPHD, who remained untreated until adulthood. They...
To elucidate the role of visceral fat accumulation in the metabolic syndrome, differences in the pathology of the metabolic syndrome with or without visceral fat accumulation were investigated. A total of 472 prediabetic Japanese men (mean age, 47.5±7.2 yr) with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) levels of 110–125 mg/dL were eligible for participation in the study. The study subjects were divided into...
Obesity promotes the development of several major cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, excess adiposity may play a direct role in initiating atherosclerosis as fat cells are capable of affecting the systemic vasculature through a variety of mechanisms. Recent studies demonstrate that obesity per se may impair vascular endothelial function. This is important as endothelial dysfunction is a key factor...
We investigated the effect of Pueraria mirifica (PM) on gonadotrophin and estradiol levels in aged animals; nine menopausal cynomolgus monkeys were divided into three groups. Each group (n=3) was fed with 10, 100, and 1000 mg/d of PM for 90 d. PM-10 induced the decrease of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels on d 15–90 in one out of three monkeys. PM-100 and PM-1000 decreased FSH levels of all...
The main characteristics of type 1 diabetic cardiomyopathy include depressed contractility and altered electrophysiological properties in ventricular myocytes. The goal of the present study was to determine the potential influence of gender in the diabetes-induced pathogenesis of ventricular myocyte function. Diabetes in both male and female rats was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin...
Obesity has been described as an epidemic because of the rapid increase in the number of overweight and obese individuals over the past 20 yr. This increasing prevalence of obesity is a worldwide phenomenon affecting both children and adults. The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of central adiposity, impaired fasting glucose, elevated blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (high triglyceride and low...
Excessive glucocorticoid exposure (Cushing's syndrome) results in increased adiposity associated with dysmetabolic features (including insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension). Circulating cortisol levels are not elevated in idiopathic obesity, although cortisol production and clearance are increased. However, tissue glucocorticoid exposure may be altered independently of circulating...
To investigate the relationship between insulin resistance, postprandial hyperglycemia, postprandial hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes, changes in postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and nitrotyrosine levels vs baseline after diet loading were examined in type 2 diabetic patients given pioglitazone (PG) or glibenclamide (GB). Twenty-four outpatients with type 2 diabetes treated...
In the human and non-human primate the major secretory product of the uterine glandular epithelial cells is glycodelin. The expression of glycodelin is associated with elevated progesterone levels as its production peaks during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy. Consistent with our previous studies, we found that the majority of the progestin responsiveness of the...
The surgical treatment of obesity has existed for over 50 yr. Surgical options have evolved from high-risk procedures infrequently performed, to safe, effective procedures increasingly performed. The operations used today provide significant durable weight loss, resolution or marked improvement of obesity-related comorbidities, and enhanced quality of life for the majority of patients. The effect...
Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of different non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) on insulin secretion by pancreatic islets of normal Wistar rats in vitro. Methods: Pancreatic islets were isolated from normal Wistar rats, and were incubated with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mmol/L palmitate (C16:0), stearate (C18:0), oleate (C18:1), or linoleate (C18:2) for 24 h, then the insulin...
The actions of neurotropins are not restricted to the nervous system. Immunohistochemical methods were used in the present study to clarify distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors TrkA and p75LNGFR in excurrent ducts of the adult male Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata). NGF was found in the seminal vesicle, epididymis, and testis, and has been thought to affect male reproductive...
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible isoform, expressed in inflamed leukocytes and cancer cells. It is known that estrogen causes prostate dysplasia, but little is known about COX-2, expression and its influence on male reproductivity. In this study, we show that COX-2 was abolished in the distal end of the vas deferens in neonatally estrogenized (diethylstilbestrol, NeoDES) Sprague-Dawley (SD)...
The obesity epidemic is best explained by global lifestyle alterations favoring weight gain in a susceptible population. The consumption of calorically dense foods, increased portion sizes, and a decrease in workplace and leisure physical activity most likely accounts for the increase in voverweight and obesity worldwide. The cornerstone-of overweight and obesity therapy is dietary intervention, but...
Increased de novo lipogenesis and reduced fatty acid oxidation are probable contributors to adipose accretion in obesity. Moreover, these perturbations have a role in leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance—via “lipotoxicity”-related mechanisms. Research in this area has prompted an effort to evaluated several discrete enzymes in these pathways as targets for...
With an ever-growing population of obese people as well as comorbidities associated with obesity, finding effective weight loss strategies is more imperative than ever. One of the challenges in curbing the obesity crisis is designing successful strategies for long-term weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. Currently, weight-loss strategies include promotion of therapeutic lifestyle changes (diet...
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