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Lifespan extension and reduction of age-related disease by calorie restriction (CR) are among the most consistent findings in gerontological research. The well known effects of CR have been demonstrated many times in rodents and other short-lived species. However, effects of CR on aging in longer-lived species, more closely related to humans, were unknown until recently. Studies of CR and aging using...
During the past 15 years, our aging colony of rhesus monkeys, consisting of animals from 20 to 37 years of age, had an annual average population of 88.2 live monkeys and, of this population, an annual average of 13.9 monkeys died spontaneously or were terminated due to severe illness. From 1980 to 1994, a total of 175 autopsies of rhesus macaques, from 20 to 37 years of age, were performed. By cumulative...
Aging in humans may be accompanied by alterations in several functional abilities. However, there is a great deal of individual variability in the functions that may be altered with age within and across aged people. One potential source of age-related behavioral variation may lie in a differential vulnerability of neurobiological systems to the aging process in particular individuals. Aged monkeys...
Atherosclerosis is a major age-related process and public health problem and its clinical manifestations (coronary heart disease [CHD] and cerebrovascular disease) continue to be responsible for approximately 50% of all deaths occurring annually. In addition, CHD is responsible for over 70 to 80% of deaths among men and women over 65 years old. As our population ages (35 million people over the age...
Strenuous exercise is characterized by increased oxygen consumption and the disturbance between intracellular pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis. At lease three biochemical pathways (i.e., mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, and polymorphoneutrophil) have been identified as potential sources of intracellular free radical generation during exercise. These deleterious reactive...
Food restriction (FR) is a well-recognized method of extending mean and maximum longevity of rodents, but the mode of its action remains to be uncovered. This article reviews the effect of FR on the physical-chemical properties and lipid peroxidizability of cellular membranes. FR prevents the age-dependent increase in microviscosity and peroxidizability of cellular membranes. It has been suggested...
Intervention of the aging process is an effective, experimental means of uncovering the bases of aging. The most efficacious and commonly used intervention used to retard the aging processes is dietary restriction (DR). It increases mean and maximum life spans, delays the appearance, frequency, and severity of many age-related diseases, and more importantly, attenuates much of the physiological decline...
Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in oxidative modifications of proteins, in many cases represented as carbonyls, which can lead to a variety of diseases and the age-associated decline of physiological functions. Considerable progress, as well as controversy, about oxidatively modified proteins and aging has unfolded in the last few years. In this article we critically evaluate changes...
Oxidative damage caused by free radicals in vivo is believed to play an important role in the etiology of aging and age-associated degenerative diseases. The most direct evidence supporting this theory is the recent finding that the transgenic Drosophila that overexpress the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase exhibit an increase in life span. Although the increase in life span in...
We investigated the impact of dietary restriction on the basal rate of somatotrope renewal in the pituitary gland. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog, was administered continuously for 1 week in male F344 rats at 3, 8 and 20 months of age (mo), fed ad libitum (AL) or diet restricted from 1.5 mo (DR). Combined immunostainings for BrdU and GH visualized newly formed somatotropes as well as...
Aging is responsible for oxidative damage to DNA, protein, lipid, and other macromolecules linked to tissue alterations. The resultant damage contributes significantly to degenerative diseases, to include those of the brain, sensorial tissues, and cardiovascular system. To protect cellular components from oxyradical attack, especially lipoperoxidation, a substantial interest in the use of antioxidants...
Extracts from the rhyzome of Curcuma longa are widely used as food additives in India and other Asiatic and Central American countries. It has been shown that these extracts (“turmeric”), as well as “curcumin” and related phenolic compounds isolated from Curcuma, have a powerful antioxidant action when tested in in vitro systems. Moreover, previous research from our laboratories has shown significant...
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) are single-gene products that exist in separate but interconvertible forms. XOD utilizes hypoxanthine or xanthine as a substrate and O2 as a cofactor to produce superoxide (·O 2− ) and uric acid. XDH acts on these same substrates but utilizes NAD as a cofactor to produce NADH instead of ·O 2− and uric acid. XOD has been proposed as a source...
While dietary restriction (DR) increases maximum life span in many animal species, the mechanisms by which this is achieved remain unclear. One possibility is that DR may act in part to reduce free radical levels by retarding age-related declines in rat liver catalase activity. We measured liver cytosolic catalase activity at various times of day in 9–12 month old male (BN X F344)F1 rats fed ad libitum...
We examined the influences of dietary restriction (DR) on the circadian profile of liver catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and interacting systems required for removal of H2O2 (support systems), in 18-week old female Fischer 344 rats fed 60% of their ad libitum (AL) diet for six weeks. Food was presented to the DR animals during the early light-span. Regardless of diet, enzyme levels were...
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