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Due to the presence of chitin (a type of animal polysaccharides), clam shells (CS) exhibited a promising potential as the adsorbent for lead or Pb removal especially after surface modification by citric acid. Both porosity and surface areas of the citric acid-modified clam shell (CACS) were significantly increased as compared to the untreated CS. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated...
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