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Müllerian mimicry, in which both partners are unpalatable to predators, is often used as an example of a coevolved mutualism. However, it is theoretically possible that some Müllerian mimics are parasitic if a weakly defended mimic benefits at the expense of a more highly defended model, a phenomenon known as ‘quasi-Batesian mimicry’. The theory expounded by Müller and extended here for unequal unpalatability,...
Birds show distinct hesitation when approaching novel food and this has been termed ‘neophobia’. In laboratory-held birds like domestic chicks this effect lasts for a matter of a few minutes at most, but hesitant attack of novel foods can last for weeks or even months in wild birds. This effect, called ‘dietary conservatism’, seems to be a different type of learning process from neophobia as first...
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